近日，環境保護部印發了《“十三五”環境監測質(zhi)量管理工作方案(an)》，為“十三五”時期環境監測質量管理工作提供了基本遵循。作為“十三五”工作方案的附件，同時印發了《關于加強環境空氣自動(dong)監測質量管理的(de)工作方案》，明確了(le)“十三(san)五(wu)”期間(jian)環境(jing)空氣(qi)自動監測(ce)質量管理總體(ti)思路和重點任務，是(shi)規范全國各級環境(jing)空氣(qi)自動監測(ce)和運維機構監測(ce)行為/保(bao)證監測(ce)數據質量的專項指導性文件，引(yin)起了(le)廣(guang)泛關注和討論。

　　為使各界深入了(le)解(jie)其出臺的背景、主要內容(rong)和具體實施(shi)要求等，記者采訪了(le)環境(jing)保護部環境(jing)監測司有關負責人，對此進行(xing)詳細(xi)解(jie)讀。

　　問：當前，在深化環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)測體制(zhi)機(ji)制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)，實行省以(yi)下環(huan)保部(bu)門(men)監(jian)測垂直管理，明晰(xi)國家和(he)地方(fang)(fang)監(jian)測事權(quan)的(de)(de)大背景(jing)下，環(huan)保部(bu)出臺《“十三五”環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)測質量管理工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)方(fang)(fang)案(an)》(以(yi)下簡(jian)稱(cheng)“十三五”工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)方(fang)(fang)案(an))和(he)《關于(yu)加強環(huan)境(jing)空氣自動監(jian)測質量管理的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)方(fang)(fang)案(an)》(以(yi)下簡(jian)稱(cheng)《空氣自動監(jian)測工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)方(fang)(fang)案(an)》)，主(zhu)要考慮是什么?請您介(jie)紹一(yi)下兩(liang)套(tao)方(fang)(fang)案(an)出臺的(de)(de)背景(jing)。

　　答：環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)是環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)管(guan)理(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)決(jue)策的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)基礎，是評價考核各級(ji)政府改(gai)善環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)質量、治理(li)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)污染(ran)成效的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)依據。“十三五”期間(jian)，是我國(guo)以改(gai)善環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)質量為(wei)重(zhong)點，打好(hao)大氣、水(shui)、土(tu)壤(rang)污染(ran)防(fang)治三大攻堅戰役的(de)關鍵期。人民(min)群眾的(de)期盼，環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)管(guan)理(li)的(de)客觀需求(qiu)，要(yao)求(qiu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)保(bao)系(xi)統(tong)要(yao)加快構建科(ke)(ke)學(xue)先進的(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)體系(xi)，充分(fen)發揮(hui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)對環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)管(guan)理(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)決(jue)策的(de)支撐(cheng)作用，提(ti)供的(de)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)數據產品更加豐(feng)富、科(ke)(ke)學(xue)、準確、及時。同時，政府治理(li)體系(xi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)治理(li)能(neng)力的(de)現代(dai)化也(ye)要(yao)求(qiu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)要(yao)不斷(duan)地(di)創新管(guan)理(li)思路、管(guan)理(li)方法和(he)(he)(he)(he)管(guan)理(li)手段，提(ti)高(gao)政府履職能(neng)力和(he)(he)(he)(he)服務水(shui)平。

　　環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)理(li)是環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的生(sheng)(sheng)命線(xian)(xian)。習近平(ping)總書記(ji)對(dui)(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)態文(wen)明(ming)建設和(he)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)保(bao)(bao)護提出一(yi)系(xi)列新思(si)想、新論斷、新要(yao)(yao)求，在今年8月視察(cha)青海時(shi)明(ming)確(que)指出，要(yao)(yao)把(ba)建好(hao)用好(hao)生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測網絡(luo)(luo)這項基礎工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)做好(hao)。李克強總理(li)、張高(gao)麗副(fu)(fu)總理(li)等(deng)國(guo)務(wu)院領(ling)導同志多(duo)次就建設環(huan)境(jing)(jing)空氣和(he)水(shui)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測網絡(luo)(luo)、保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)監(jian)(jian)測數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)真(zhen)(zhen)實(shi)可(ke)(ke)靠作(zuo)(zuo)出重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)批示。環(huan)境(jing)(jing)保(bao)(bao)護部(bu)陳吉寧部(bu)長、翟青副(fu)(fu)部(bu)長、趙英民副(fu)(fu)部(bu)長等(deng)高(gao)度重(zhong)視環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)質(zhi)量(liang)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，多(duo)次強調“要(yao)(yao)像對(dui)(dui)待(dai)生(sheng)(sheng)命一(yi)樣(yang)對(dui)(dui)待(dai)監(jian)(jian)測數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)質(zhi)量(liang)，確(que)保(bao)(bao)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)真(zhen)(zhen)實(shi)準確(que)”、“保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)監(jian)(jian)測數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)真(zhen)(zhen)實(shi)可(ke)(ke)靠是監(jian)(jian)測工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的底線(xian)(xian)，絕對(dui)(dui)不能碰”，對(dui)(dui)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)提出了明(ming)確(que)要(yao)(yao)求。

　　自2012年新《環境空氣質量標準》(GB3095-2012)頒布實(shi)施以來(lai)，全國(guo)(guo)338個(ge)地(di)級(ji)及以上城(cheng)(cheng)市已建(jian)成1436個(ge)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)城(cheng)(cheng)市環境空氣自動(dong)(dong)監測(ce)站(zhan)，實(shi)現了(le)環境監測(ce)數據一(yi)點(dian)多發(城(cheng)(cheng)市、省、國(guo)(guo)家(jia))、實(shi)時傳輸，實(shi)時向社會公開(kai)發布。監測(ce)項目包括SO2、NO2、CO、O3、PM10、PM2.5等6項指標。此外，大部分省(區(qu)、市)也建(jian)有(you)地(di)方(fang)環境空氣自動(dong)(dong)監測(ce)站(zhan)，形成了(le)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)和地(di)方(fang)兩級(ji)的環境空氣質量監測(ce)網絡，為考核地(di)方(fang)環境空氣質量、大氣污染治理(li)成效(xiao)提供了(le)重要依據。

　　隨著國家環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)體(ti)(ti)制機制改革(ge)的(de)(de)深化(hua)、國家環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)事(shi)權的(de)(de)上(shang)收，環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)也(ye)面臨著許多新情況新問題。一是按照國家要求，到2016年(nian)11月(yue)底(di)，國家環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)事(shi)權由過去地方環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)機構(gou)負責，全(quan)部(bu)上(shang)收至(zhi)國家，1436個國控站(zhan)(zhan)點全(quan)部(bu)由中國環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)總站(zhan)(zhan)直(zhi)接管(guan)理(li)(li)，并(bing)委托社會監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)機構(gou)運行(xing)維護(hu)，環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)制機制發生(sheng)了重大改變(bian)，相應(ying)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)方式(shi)也(ye)需要隨之變(bian)化(hua)。二(er)是與手工監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)相比，環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)起步(bu)(bu)較晚，發展較快，目前的(de)(de)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)標準和技(ji)術規范體(ti)(ti)系、監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)系尚(shang)不完全(quan)滿足環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)需求，亟須(xu)進一步(bu)(bu)完善和健全(quan)。三是2017年(nian)是大氣(qi)(qi)污染防治行(xing)動(dong)計劃(hua)考(kao)核年(nian)，監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據客觀、真實、準確直(zhi)接關系到對各地落(luo)實 “大氣(qi)(qi)十條(tiao)”、改善環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和大氣(qi)(qi)污染防治成(cheng)效的(de)(de)考(kao)核與評(ping)價(jia)。

　　環(huan)境(jing)保護部(bu)領導(dao)高(gao)度(du)重(zhong)視環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣自動監測質(zhi)量管(guan)理(li)問題(ti)，多次作出批示(shi)要(yao)求(qiu)超前謀劃(hua)，制定工作方(fang)案，落實具體任(ren)務(wu)，有效解決環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣自動監測工作面臨的新(xin)情況和突(tu)出問題(ti)。為此，我部(bu)編(bian)制出臺了《空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣自動監測工作方(fang)案》，明確了今(jin)后一個時期國家環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣自動監測質(zhi)量管(guan)理(li)重(zhong)點方(fang)向(xiang)和主要(yao)任(ren)務(wu)，以指導(dao)全國環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣自動監測質(zhi)量管(guan)理(li)工作健康發展，提高(gao)工作水平。

　　問：近年來，我國環(huan)境(jing)監測質量管(guan)理取得了哪些發展和進步?還存在什么問題(ti)?這對編制(zhi)《“十三(san)五”工作方案(an)》等文(wen)件有什么指(zhi)導(dao)意(yi)義?

　　答：近年來，我國環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)理取得了(le)長足進步(bu)(bu)，一是(shi)法(fa)規(gui)制(zhi)度逐步(bu)(bu)完善。先后頒(ban)布了(le)《環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監測(ce)(ce)管(guan)理辦法(fa)》和(he)《環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)理規(gui)定》等，為加強(qiang)(qiang)監測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)理提供(gong)了(le)制(zhi)度保障。二是(shi)監測(ce)(ce)規(gui)范漸(jian)成體系(xi)。環(huan)保部頒(ban)布了(le)983項(xiang)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監測(ce)(ce)規(gui)范標準，為規(gui)范監測(ce)(ce)行(xing)為，保障數據質(zhi)量(liang)提供(gong)了(le)有效支撐。三是(shi)監督(du)檢查(cha)保持常態。持續開展環(huan)境(jing)(jing)空氣和(he)地表水自動監測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)專項(xiang)檢查(cha)和(he)飛行(xing)檢查(cha)，進一步(bu)(bu)增(zeng)強(qiang)(qiang)了(le)質(zhi)量(liang)意識，規(gui)范了(le)監測(ce)(ce)行(xing)為。四是(shi)信(xin)息公(gong)開力(li)度加大。依法(fa)公(gong)開并統一發布國家環(huan)境(jing)(jing)空氣和(he)主要水系(xi)重點(dian)斷面自動監測(ce)(ce)數據，保障了(le)公(gong)眾的知情(qing)權和(he)監督(du)權。

　　隨著(zhu)大(da)氣、水和(he)(he)土(tu)壤污染防治行(xing)(xing)動計劃的(de)(de)(de)深入(ru)實(shi)施，以環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)質(zhi)量(liang)改善為核(he)心的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)管(guan)理(li)轉型對環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)提出了(le)新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)更(geng)高要求。同時(shi)，環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)理(li)自身(shen)也面臨著(zhu)一(yi)些亟(ji)待解決的(de)(de)(de)問題。一(yi)是(shi)體制(zhi)機(ji)制(zhi)不(bu)順。存(cun)在“考核(he)誰、誰監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)”現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)，地方(fang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)保部門“既當(dang)運動員又當(dang)裁判員”，在各種考核(he)壓力下，行(xing)(xing)政干預數(shu)據質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)沖動較(jiao)大(da)。二是(shi)管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度(du)(du)急需更(geng)新(xin)(xin)。在事權上收、省以下垂直管(guan)理(li)和(he)(he)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)服務(wu)社會化等(deng)新(xin)(xin)形(xing)勢下，監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)機(ji)構的(de)(de)(de)定位和(he)(he)職(zhi)責、管(guan)理(li)模式等(deng)都發生了(le)較(jiao)大(da)改變，現(xian)(xian)有質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度(du)(du)已不(bu)能滿足管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)需要。三是(shi)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)規(gui)范和(he)(he)技術(shu)體系(xi)尚(shang)(shang)需完善。環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣、地表水和(he)(he)土(tu)壤監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)方(fang)法標準不(bu)全(quan)，全(quan)國(guo)統一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)控體系(xi)尚(shang)(shang)未(wei)健全(quan)等(deng);實(shi)驗室(shi)前端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)采樣(yang)(yang)、樣(yang)(yang)品制(zhi)備和(he)(he)保存(cun)等(deng)仍(reng)是(shi)薄弱(ruo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)節(jie)。四是(shi)制(zhi)度(du)(du)規(gui)范執行(xing)(xing)不(bu)到(dao)位。自動監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)設(she)施運行(xing)(xing)維護(hu)不(bu)到(dao)位，數(shu)據審核(he)不(bu)落實(shi)、技術(shu)水平有待提高。

　　解決(jue)這些問題，需要環境(jing)保(bao)護部(bu)從(cong)國(guo)家層面(mian)加強頂層設計，統籌(chou)謀劃，指導和引領(ling)“十(shi)(shi)三五(wu)”全(quan)國(guo)環境(jing)監測(ce)(ce)質量(liang)管(guan)理科學創新、健康發展(zhan)。因此，環保(bao)部(bu)出(chu)臺《“十(shi)(shi)三五(wu)”環境(jing)監測(ce)(ce)質量(liang)管(guan)理工(gong)(gong)作方案》，明確今(jin)后一段(duan)時間(jian)全(quan)國(guo)環境(jing)監測(ce)(ce)質量(liang)管(guan)理的(de)(de)重點內容和主要任(ren)務(wu)，加強監測(ce)(ce)質量(liang)管(guan)理工(gong)(gong)作，是適應(ying)“十(shi)(shi)三五(wu)”深化生態環境(jing)監測(ce)(ce)體制機制改革的(de)(de)客觀(guan)需要，是打好(hao)大氣、水(shui)、土壤三大戰役的(de)(de)重要保(bao)障，也是解決(jue)當前(qian)環境(jing)監測(ce)(ce)質量(liang)管(guan)理存在的(de)(de)突出(chu)問題的(de)(de)針對性措施。

　　問：《“十三五”工作方(fang)案(an)》和《空氣自動監(jian)測工作方(fang)案(an)》編制的(de)(de)過程(cheng)是怎(zen)樣的(de)(de)?如何體現其科學性和指導性?

　　答：《“十三五”工(gong)作方案》是(shi)2016年(nian)歷時半年(nian)多集(ji)中編(bian)(bian)撰的直接成果(guo)。2016年(nian)3月初，我部(bu)啟動(dong)編(bian)(bian)制工(gong)作，通過調研(yan)、組織專家(jia)組座(zuo)談起草、召(zhao)開(kai)系統(tong)(tong)內外專家(jia)咨詢會(hui)和(he)論證(zheng)會(hui)等(deng)多種方式，廣泛聽取環保系統(tong)(tong)內外監測管(guan)理、技術人員和(he)院(yuan)士專家(jia)的意見，數易其稿，反復修改相關內容。7月30日，報請部(bu)長(chang)專題會(hui)審議，不(bu)斷完善后印發。

　　《“十三五”工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)方案(an)》是(shi)全國環(huan)保系統(tong)環(huan)境(jing)監測質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理實踐的(de)結晶。“十二五”以(yi)來，我部組織開展(zhan)了(le)(le)“環(huan)境(jing)監測質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理三年行(xing)動計(ji)劃”，連(lian)續五年在全國開展(zhan)環(huan)境(jing)空氣自動監測質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)專項檢查和(he)飛行(xing)檢查工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，開展(zhan)了(le)(le)地表水(shui)環(huan)境(jing)監測和(he)污(wu)染源監測質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)專項檢查活動，多次赴在質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中敢于(yu)創新、成效明(ming)顯的(de)省市開展(zhan)實地調研取經，出臺了(le)(le)一系列管(guan)理制度和(he)技術(shu)規(gui)范。這些質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理活動，為摸清問題，開啟思路，編撰《“十三五”工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)方案(an)》奠(dian)定了(le)(le)扎實的(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)基礎。可以(yi)說，該方案(an)凝聚了(le)(le)全國環(huan)保系統(tong)近年來環(huan)境(jing)監測質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理成果，吸(xi)納了(le)(le)地方的(de)好經驗好做(zuo)法。

　　今年5月(yue)(yue)底，部(bu)(bu)領導(dao)做出加強(qiang)環境(jing)空氣自(zi)動監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量控(kong)制的(de)批示(shi)，6月(yue)(yue)，我部(bu)(bu)組(zu)(zu)織召開(kai)座談會，邀請全(quan)國(guo)環境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)內(nei)(nei)、外專(zhuan)家，系(xi)(xi)統(tong)梳理現(xian)階段環境(jing)空氣自(zi)動監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)控(kong)中存(cun)在的(de)問題(ti)和原因，提(ti)出解決的(de)措施和辦(ban)法(fa)，搭建方案(an)(an)(an)提(ti)綱;組(zu)(zu)織專(zhuan)家集(ji)中撰寫《空氣自(zi)動監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)方案(an)(an)(an)》并(bing)(bing)組(zu)(zu)織部(bu)(bu)內(nei)(nei)相關司(si)(si)局召開(kai)討論會，補充(chong)完善(shan)相關內(nei)(nei)容(rong)。根(gen)(gen)據(ju)部(bu)(bu)領導(dao)對監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)事(shi)權上收后國(guo)家空氣監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)網質(zhi)控(kong)措施要進(jin)行深入研(yan)究的(de)指示(shi)要求，編制組(zu)(zu)對方案(an)(an)(an)進(jin)一步修改(gai)(gai)，明確提(ti)出系(xi)(xi)統(tong)性的(de)解決措施，并(bing)(bing)做好與《“十三五”工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)方案(an)(an)(an)》的(de)有機銜接。7月(yue)(yue)，我部(bu)(bu)組(zu)(zu)織了2次(ci)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)研(yan)討論證會，再次(ci)修改(gai)(gai)完善(shan)后，形成方案(an)(an)(an)報(bao)批稿報(bao)部(bu)(bu)長專(zhuan)題(ti)會審(shen)議。8月(yue)(yue)，根(gen)(gen)據(ju)部(bu)(bu)長專(zhuan)題(ti)會精神(shen)修改(gai)(gai)完善(shan)，在進(jin)一步征(zheng)求部(bu)(bu)內(nei)(nei)各司(si)(si)局意(yi)見后，報(bao)部(bu)(bu)領導(dao)審(shen)簽(qian)后印發。應該說，《空氣自(zi)動監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)方案(an)(an)(an)》是在廣泛聽取意(yi)見，集(ji)中系(xi)(xi)統(tong)內(nei)(nei)外專(zhuan)家的(de)智(zhi)慧(hui)，集(ji)思(si)廣益形成的(de)成果(guo)。

　　問：請問《“十三五(wu)”工作方案》和《空(kong)氣自動監測工作方案》的總(zong)體(ti)思路(lu)是怎樣的?有(you)什么突(tu)破創新?

　　答(da)：《“十三五”工作(zuo)方案》緊(jin)密圍(wei)繞當前環境(jing)保(bao)護重點工作(zuo)，針對存(cun)在的問題(ti)，提(ti)出“十三五”環境(jing)監測(ce)(ce)質量管(guan)理(li)工作(zuo)應遵循的三條原(yuan)則：一是(shi)以(yi)(yi)理(li)順體制(zhi)機制(zhi)為核心，保(bao)障(zhang)監測(ce)(ce)數據的獨立性(xing)(xing)和公正性(xing)(xing);二是(shi)以(yi)(yi)加強(qiang)技術(shu)業務為重點，保(bao)障(zhang)監測(ce)(ce)數據的科學性(xing)(xing)和可比性(xing)(xing);三是(shi)堅持內部質量控(kong)制(zhi)和外部質量監督并重，保(bao)障(zhang)監測(ce)(ce)數據的準(zhun)確性(xing)(xing)和權威性(xing)(xing)。

　　《“十三五”工作方(fang)(fang)案(an)》是(shi)指(zhi)導(dao)(dao)今(jin)后一段(duan)時期(qi)環(huan)(huan)境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)管理和質量(liang)(liang)(liang)控制工作的(de)綱領性(xing)(xing)(xing)、指(zhi)導(dao)(dao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)文件。通過該(gai)方(fang)(fang)案(an)的(de)實施(shi)，“十三五”期(qi)間力求取得(de)兩方(fang)(fang)面(mian)突(tu)破：一是(shi)管理方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，通過完善法(fa)律規(gui)章、轉變(bian)體(ti)制機制、加(jia)大質量(liang)(liang)(liang)檢查(cha)和懲處(chu)力度、加(jia)強信息(xi)公開等(deng)措施(shi)，保障監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數據的(de)公正(zheng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和權威性(xing)(xing)(xing)，使評價和考(kao)核用國(guo)控環(huan)(huan)境空氣(qi)、地(di)(di)表水、土壤以及縣域生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)考(kao)核的(de)環(huan)(huan)境質量(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數據準確可靠，滿(man)足環(huan)(huan)境管理需(xu)要;二是(shi)技(ji)術方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，構建(jian)全國(guo)統一的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)規(gui)范體(ti)系(xi)(覆蓋環(huan)(huan)境空氣(qi)、地(di)(di)表水、土壤等(deng)環(huan)(huan)境要素)、質量(liang)(liang)(liang)管理和質量(liang)(liang)(liang)控制體(ti)系(xi)，以保障質量(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數據的(de)科學性(xing)(xing)(xing)、可比性(xing)(xing)(xing)和準確性(xing)(xing)(xing)。

　　國家環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)氣質(zhi)量(liang)監測網(wang)和(he)(he)國家地表水環(huan)境(jing)監測網(wang)已基本建成，土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)環(huan)境(jing)監測網(wang)尚在建設(she)(she)過程中，結合現(xian)階段(duan)我(wo)國環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)氣、地表水和(he)(he)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)監測網(wang)絡的(de)建設(she)(she)和(he)(he)運(yun)行情況，為實現(xian)兩大突破，《“十(shi)三五”工作(zuo)方(fang)案(an)》針(zhen)對(dui)不同要素(su)監測質(zhi)量(liang)管理提出(chu)了(le)具體(ti)的(de)年度工作(zuo)目標：

　　一(yi)是(shi)環境空氣(qi)：2016年底完成338個地(di)級以上城市1436個國家環(huan)境(jing)空氣自動(dong)監測(ce)事權上收，建立(li)氣態污染物標準溯源體(ti)(ti)(ti)系和(he)顆粒物比(bi)對監測(ce)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系，完善環(huan)境(jing)空氣質(zhi)量監測(ce)網運行(xing)管理制度，建立(li)數(shu)(shu)據質(zhi)控體(ti)(ti)(ti)系及儀器參(can)數(shu)(shu)變化預(yu)警體(ti)(ti)(ti)系。

　　二(er)是地表水：2016年底(di)，出(chu)臺國家地表水環(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)量監測(ce)網監測(ce)規范性技術文件，制訂(ding)地表水手工和(he)自(zi)動監測(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量監督檢查方案(an)。2017年起(qi)，逐步完善地表水和(he)近岸海域環(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)量監測(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)技術體系(xi)，組(zu)織開展質(zhi)(zhi)量監督檢查活動。

　　三是土壤環(huan)境：2016年確定土壤網(wang)點位布設方案(an)，啟動網(wang)絡建(jian)設。2017年形成基本(ben)監測能力，建(jian)立土壤樣品采(cai)集、制備、分析、數(shu)據審核全過程質量管理體系，其后不(bu)斷完善。

　　至“十三(san)五”末，全面建成環境(jing)空氣、地(di)表水(shui)和土壤等環境(jing)監(jian)測質量控制體系，進一步(bu)推(tui)進信息公開和公眾監(jian)督，保(bao)障(zhang)大氣、水(shui)、土壤污染防治行動計劃考核用數(shu)據質量。

　　空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)自(zi)(zi)動監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)工作(zuo)方(fang)案(an)緊密圍(wei)繞“十(shi)三(san)五”環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)管理的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)要求(qiu)，力(li)(li)爭在以(yi)(yi)(yi)下幾方(fang)面有所突破(po)。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)著力(li)(li)推進環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)體(ti)制(zhi)機(ji)制(zhi)改革。深化內部(bu)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)，加強外(wai)部(bu)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督，構建(jian)國家(jia)(jia)(jia)環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)和質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管理體(ti)系(xi)(xi)。二是(shi)(shi)全面加強環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)自(zi)(zi)動監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)能力(li)(li)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)手段促(cu)進質(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)水(shui)平提(ti)(ti)升。完善環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)遠程在線質(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)系(xi)(xi)統，實(shi)現重要參數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)時直傳和運維管理的(de)(de)(de)全程監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)。三(san)是(shi)(shi)建(jian)立全國統一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)自(zi)(zi)動監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)方(fang)法標準體(ti)系(xi)(xi)和三(san)級(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)。國家(jia)(jia)(jia)環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)網(wang)(以(yi)(yi)(yi)下簡(jian)稱國家(jia)(jia)(jia)網(wang))和地(di)方(fang)環(huan)境(jing)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)網(wang)(以(yi)(yi)(yi)下簡(jian)稱地(di)方(fang)網(wang))均應遵循(xun)統一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)，保障環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)科學性(xing)和可(ke)比性(xing)。四是(shi)(shi)成(cheng)立國家(jia)(jia)(jia)環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)評估委員(yuan)會，組建(jian)國家(jia)(jia)(jia)環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督檢查專家(jia)(jia)(jia)庫，重點打(da)擊環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)弄虛作(zuo)假行(xing)為(wei)，保障環(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)正性(xing)和權威性(xing)。通(tong)過以(yi)(yi)(yi)上工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)推進，為(wei)大氣(qi)污染防治行(xing)動計劃的(de)(de)(de)順利實(shi)施提(ti)(ti)供(gong)保障。

　　問：請問《“十三五(wu)”工作方案》的主要內容是什么(me)?包括了(le)哪(na)些方面?提出了(le)什么(me)任務和措施?

　　答(da)：為解決當前存在(zai)的(de)問題，達到上述目標，依據三項原則，《“十三五”工作方案》提出(chu)了(le)五大(da)任務，十五條(tiao)具體措(cuo)施(shi)。

　　任務一(yi)，深(shen)化體制機制改革。2015年(nian)，國(guo)務院辦(ban)(ban)公廳(ting)印發(fa)《生(sheng)態文明體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改革(ge)總體方(fang)(fang)案》，我部制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)了《國(guo)家(jia)生(sheng)態環(huan)境質量監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)事(shi)(shi)權(quan)(quan)上(shang)(shang)收(shou)實施方(fang)(fang)案》，積極推進國(guo)家(jia)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)事(shi)(shi)權(quan)(quan)上(shang)(shang)收(shou)。2016年(nian)9月，啟(qi)動(dong)全(quan)國(guo)338個(ge)(ge)地(di)級以(yi)上(shang)(shang)城市1436個(ge)(ge)國(guo)家(jia)環(huan)境空氣自動(dong)站(zhan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)事(shi)(shi)權(quan)(quan)上(shang)(shang)收(shou)工作(zuo)，截(jie)至(zhi)11月6日(ri)，交接工作(zuo)已基本完成;我部也已啟(qi)動(dong)全(quan)國(guo)地(di)表水2767個(ge)(ge)國(guo)控斷面(mian)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(其(qi)中1940個(ge)(ge)為考(kao)核斷面(mian))事(shi)(shi)權(quan)(quan)上(shang)(shang)收(shou)的試(shi)點工作(zuo)，均由中國(guo)環(huan)境監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)總站(zhan)直(zhi)接管(guan)理。另外(wai)，近期中共中央(yang)辦(ban)(ban)公廳(ting)、國(guo)務院辦(ban)(ban)公廳(ting)印發(fa)了《關于省(sheng)(sheng)以(yi)下環(huan)保(bao)機(ji)構監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察執法(fa)垂直(zhi)管(guan)理制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)改革(ge)試(shi)點工作(zuo)的指導(dao)意見》，“十三五”期間，我部將穩(wen)步推進省(sheng)(sheng)以(yi)下監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)構垂直(zhi)管(guan)理和國(guo)家(jia)事(shi)(shi)權(quan)(quan)上(shang)(shang)收(shou)工作(zuo)，實現“誰(shui)考(kao)核、誰(shui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)”，解決地(di)方(fang)(fang)環(huan)保(bao)部門“既(ji)當運動(dong)員又當裁判員”的問題，理順體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，防止行政干預。

　　任(ren)務二，健全質量管(guan)理體系。一(yi)(yi)(yi)是確(que)定(ding)(ding)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)新(xin)(xin)(xin)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。事權適度上收、省以下(xia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)保機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)垂管(guan)(guan)(guan)后(hou)，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)也將由(you)“十二五(wu)”時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)、省、市(shi)三(san)級管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)轉(zhuan)變(bian)為(wei)“十三(san)五(wu)”期(qi)(qi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)、省兩級質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)新(xin)(xin)(xin)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。二是明確(que)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)事權上收后(hou)，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)總(zong)(zong)站直(zhi)接管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)網(wang)(wang)，原始數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)間(jian)直(zhi)傳總(zong)(zong)站，負責(ze)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)網(wang)(wang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)傳輸、審核(he)，地(di)方(fang)為(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)網(wang)(wang)運維(wei)(wei)條件(jian)提(ti)(ti)(ti)供保障(zhang)，共享國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)網(wang)(wang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)，不(bu)再參與(yu)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產和(he)審核(he)。改革國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)網(wang)(wang)、地(di)表水(shui)(shui)網(wang)(wang)和(he)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)，通過委托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)社(she)會(hui)(hui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)、聯合(he)(he)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)、分(fen)(fen)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)節(jie)委托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)不(bu)同機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)采(cai)樣測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)等手段，提(ti)(ti)(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)。城市(shi)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)采(cai)取委托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)社(she)會(hui)(hui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)運維(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)開(kai)展;地(di)表水(shui)(shui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)采(cai)取委托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)社(she)會(hui)(hui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(運維(wei)(wei))或(huo)流域(yu)(yu)上下(xia)游環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)保系統(tong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)聯合(he)(he)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)開(kai)展;土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)采(cai)取地(di)方(fang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)保系統(tong)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)采(cai)樣，由(you)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)總(zong)(zong)站委托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)有能(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實驗室集中(zhong)(zhong)制(zhi)樣、貼標和(he)分(fen)(fen)析的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)開(kai)展。三(san)是完善(shan)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)度。現有的(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)辦法(fa)或(huo)制(zhi)度等已不(bu)能(neng)滿(man)足監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)體制(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)形(xing)勢需要，為(wei)此“十三(san)五(wu)”期(qi)(qi)間(jian)我(wo)部將制(zhi)修訂一(yi)(yi)(yi)系列環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系列文件(jian)，出臺《環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)條例》，修訂《環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)辦法(fa)》、《環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)辦法(fa)》，完善(shan)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)、地(di)表水(shui)(shui)和(he)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)相關規定(ding)(ding)，為(wei)“十三(san)五(wu)”環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)提(ti)(ti)(ti)供政策依據(ju)(ju)。目前(qian)，我(wo)部正(zheng)在制(zhi)訂《國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)質(zhi)量(liang)自(zi)動監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)網(wang)(wang)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)實施(shi)細則(試(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing))》，將明確(que)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)、地(di)方(fang)、社(she)會(hui)(hui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)各責(ze)任方(fang)在環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)運維(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)位、職責(ze)和(he)罰則，保障(zhang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)自(zi)動監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)有據(ju)(ju)可依。四是加(jia)大對(dui)社(she)會(hui)(hui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)育力(li)(li)度。社(she)會(hui)(hui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)已逐步發(fa)展成環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)領域(yu)(yu)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)補充力(li)(li)量(liang)，“十三(san)五(wu)”期(qi)(qi)間(jian)，將制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)社(she)會(hui)(hui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)和(he)運維(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)辦法(fa)，探索建立監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)和(he)人員(yuan)誠信評價體系，加(jia)大對(dui)承擔國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)網(wang)(wang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)和(he)運維(wei)(wei)任務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)(hui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)技(ji)術人員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)訓力(li)(li)度，規范社(she)會(hui)(hui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)，提(ti)(ti)(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)社(she)會(hui)(hui)化(hua)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)和(he)人員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)服務(wu)水(shui)(shui)平和(he)質(zhi)量(liang)，保障(zhang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)客觀、準確(que)。

　　任務三(san)，完善技術體(ti)系。一是健全(quan)(quan)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)規范(fan)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)。加(jia)強環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)規范(fan)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)頂層(ceng)設(she)計(ji)，于2016年(nian)底前出臺(tai)國(guo)家(jia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)方法(fa)(fa)標(biao)準(zhun)“十(shi)三五(wu)”規劃，建(jian)立制、修(xiu)訂項目庫(ku)，明(ming)確“十(shi)三五(wu)”方法(fa)(fa)標(biao)準(zhun)制、修(xiu)訂任務，加(jia)快推進氣、水、土十(shi)條以(yi)(yi)及排(pai)污許可制度等(deng)配套的(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)方法(fa)(fa)標(biao)準(zhun)制修(xiu)訂工(gong)作，完善(shan)有證標(biao)準(zhun)樣品體(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)。二是構(gou)建(jian)國(guo)家(jia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制體(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)。由(you)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)保護(hu)部組(zu)(zu)織遴選若(ruo)干家(jia)儀(yi)(yi)器(qi)設(she)備配置(zhi)齊(qi)全(quan)(quan)、人員素(su)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)、技術(shu)能(neng)(neng)力強的(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)構(gou)，設(she)置(zhi)區域質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)實驗(yan)室。國(guo)家(jia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制技術(shu)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)不(bu)少(shao)于三級(ji)(ji)，由(you)國(guo)家(jia)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)平臺(tai)(一級(ji)(ji))、區域質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)實驗(yan)室(二級(ji)(ji))、監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)實驗(yan)室/運(yun)維(wei)公(gong)司(末端)構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)，實現環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)空氣、地(di)(di)表水、土壤(rang)等(deng)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)要(yao)素(su)各監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)指標(biao)的(de)量(liang)(liang)值溯源(yuan)和(he)傳(chuan)遞(di)(比(bi)(bi)(bi)對(dui)(dui))。爭取2017年(nian)建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)臭氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)值溯源(yuan)和(he)傳(chuan)遞(di)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)以(yi)(yi)及顆(ke)(ke)粒物(wu)比(bi)(bi)(bi)對(dui)(dui)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)。地(di)(di)方視(shi)工(gong)作需要(yao)可考(kao)慮構(gou)建(jian)三級(ji)(ji)或四級(ji)(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)構(gou)。三是加(jia)強內部質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制。由(you)中國(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)總站開(kai)展一般污染物(wu)的(de)量(liang)(liang)值溯源(yuan)與傳(chuan)遞(di)、顆(ke)(ke)粒物(wu)手(shou)工(gong)比(bi)(bi)(bi)對(dui)(dui)等(deng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管理(li)活動以(yi)(yi)及國(guo)控(kong)(kong)(kong)網的(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)能(neng)(neng)力考(kao)核和(he)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)例行檢查工(gong)作，組(zu)(zu)織開(kai)展地(di)(di)表水跨(kua)界聯合監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)、比(bi)(bi)(bi)對(dui)(dui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)和(he)留樣復測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)等(deng)，建(jian)立土壤(rang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)隨機(ji)比(bi)(bi)(bi)對(dui)(dui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)制，組(zu)(zu)織不(bu)同監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)單位開(kai)展比(bi)(bi)(bi)對(dui)(dui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)。四是加(jia)強質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)新(xin)技術(shu)的(de)應(ying)用。如(ru)完善(shan)自動監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)數據采(cai)(cai)(cai)集(ji)傳(chuan)輸(shu)平臺(tai)，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)儀(yi)(yi)器(qi)和(he)數采(cai)(cai)(cai)儀(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)重要(yao)參數應(ying)能(neng)(neng)實現及時(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)集(ji)和(he)傳(chuan)輸(shu)，建(jian)設(she)自動監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)遠程質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)平臺(tai)，站房加(jia)裝視(shi)頻監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統等(deng)，以(yi)(yi)技術(shu)手(shou)段(duan)堵塞人為造假的(de)漏洞，為監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管提供(gong)有效支(zhi)撐。嘗試將GPS定位系(xi)(xi)(xi)統和(he)資料(liao)實時(shi)上(shang)(shang)傳(chuan)等(deng)手(shou)段(duan)應(ying)用于采(cai)(cai)(cai)樣現場(chang)和(he)樣品運(yun)輸(shu)過(guo)程，探索(suo)建(jian)立手(shou)工(gong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)各環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)節(jie)全(quan)(quan)覆蓋(gai)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管理(li)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)。

　　任務四，創新監管(guan)機(ji)制。一(yi)(yi)是推(tui)進質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理第(di)三方監(jian)(jian)督(du)機(ji)制。事(shi)權上(shang)收(shou)后，中國環(huan)(huan)境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)總(zong)(zong)站(zhan)(zhan)在國控(kong)(kong)網運(yun)維(wei)中扮演的(de)角色將發(fa)生轉變。為(wei)適應這一(yi)(yi)轉變，積極引入第(di)三方機(ji)制，重(zhong)新構建(jian)國控(kong)(kong)網的(de)外控(kong)(kong)(由環(huan)(huan)境保(bao)護部(bu)(bu)主(zhu)導(dao)、第(di)三方參(can)與)和內控(kong)(kong)(由監(jian)(jian)測(ce)總(zong)(zong)站(zhan)(zhan)主(zhu)導(dao)、第(di)三方參(can)與)的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理機(ji)制。在全國范(fan)圍(wei)內遴選權威專家(jia)組(zu)建(jian)國家(jia)環(huan)(huan)境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)數據(ju)(ju)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)委員和專家(jia)檢查隊伍，不(bu)定期開(kai)展(zhan)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)數據(ju)(ju)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)和質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理體系(xi)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)情況(kuang)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)工作(zuo)，為(wei)飛(fei)行(xing)(xing)檢查提供線索(suo)等。二是完善監(jian)(jian)督(du)檢查機(ji)制。中國環(huan)(huan)境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)總(zong)(zong)站(zhan)(zhan)每年按一(yi)(yi)定比例開(kai)展(zhan)國家(jia)環(huan)(huan)境空氣、地表(biao)水、土(tu)壤網的(de)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)常規檢查工作(zuo)，規范(fan)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)，發(fa)現問題嚴重(zhong)的(de)報環(huan)(huan)保(bao)部(bu)(bu)。環(huan)(huan)保(bao)部(bu)(bu)組(zu)建(jian)國家(jia)環(huan)(huan)境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)督(du)檢查專家(jia)庫，以環(huan)(huan)境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)數據(ju)(ju)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)結果(guo)或公眾舉(ju)報為(wei)線索(suo)，不(bu)定期開(kai)展(zhan)飛(fei)行(xing)(xing)檢查，著重(zhong)打(da)擊環(huan)(huan)境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)弄虛作(zuo)假行(xing)(xing)為(wei)。三是將信(xin)息發(fa)布作(zuo)為(wei)質(zhi)控(kong)(kong)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)手(shou)段。按照(zhao)“能公開(kai)、盡(jin)公開(kai)”的(de)原則，加(jia)大環(huan)(huan)境空氣、地表(biao)水、土(tu)壤環(huan)(huan)境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)信(xin)息發(fa)布和公開(kai)力(li)度(du)，保(bao)障人(ren)民群眾環(huan)(huan)境監(jian)(jian)測(ce)數據(ju)(ju)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)知情權，接受公眾監(jian)(jian)督(du)。

　　任務五，嚴厲查處監測質量問題。建(jian)(jian)立質控檢(jian)查(cha)與考(kao)核(he)聯動機制(zhi)。發(fa)現有運維(wei)不規范的問(wen)題，依(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)依(yi)(yi)規嚴肅處(chu)理，進行通報批(pi)評、約談(tan)(tan)、誡勉談(tan)(tan)話或停職處(chu)理，并開(kai)展事后(hou)回頭(tou)看檢(jian)查(cha);建(jian)(jian)立環保與公檢(jian)法(fa)(fa)的聯動機制(zhi)，對(dui)監(jian)測(ce)數據造假“零容(rong)忍”，發(fa)現一(yi)起，查(cha)處(chu)一(yi)起，依(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)移交有關(guan)部門處(chu)理，并加(jia)大(da)宣傳力(li)度，提(ti)高對(dui)監(jian)測(ce)數據弄(nong)虛(xu)作(zuo)假行為的震懾力(li)。嚴厲(li)打擊，起到震懾作(zuo)用。積極與有關(guan)部門溝通，支持將環境(jing)監(jian)測(ce)弄(nong)虛(xu)作(zuo)假行為寫入正在修訂的“兩(liang)高”司法(fa)(fa)解釋，為類似案件的處(chu)理提(ti)供法(fa)(fa)律支撐。

　　問：請問《空(kong)氣自動監(jian)測工作方(fang)案(an)》的(de)具體(ti)工作措(cuo)施都有哪些?

　　答：面(mian)對新形(xing)勢新要求和存在的問題，《空氣(qi)自(zi)動監測工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)方案》提(ti)出了六個(ge)方面(mian)十四項具體工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)措施，綜(zong)合(he)來看，應著重在以(yi)下幾方面(mian)推進(jin)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)：

　　第一方面是建立健全環境空氣自動監測(ce)質量控制體系。

　　一是著力(li)構建三級質控體系：依(yi)托(tuo)已具備一(yi)定條件、質控能力(li)較強的(de)省級(ji)環(huan)(huan)境監(jian)測(ce)機構，分區(qu)(qu)域、分批(pi)次建立若(ruo)干區(qu)(qu)域環(huan)(huan)境監(jian)測(ce)質控實(shi)驗(yan)室，構建由國(guo)家質控平臺、區(qu)(qu)域質控實(shi)驗(yan)室、環(huan)(huan)境監(jian)測(ce)機構與(yu)運維機構組成的(de)國(guo)家環(huan)(huan)境空氣自(zi)動監(jian)測(ce)三級(ji)質控體系。

　　中國(guo)環境監測總站(zhan)負責編(bian)制全國(guo)通用的環境空氣(qi)自動(dong)監測質量(liang)管理(li)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)文件(jian)，制定(ding)質控技(ji)術(shu)(shu)方案和檢查計(ji)劃，組織開展環境空氣(qi)自動(dong)監測站(zhan)點的顆粒(li)物(wu)比對(dui)、氣(qi)態污染物(wu)量(liang)值傳遞工作。

　　區域質控實驗(yan)室向上、向下開展量(liang)值溯源、傳遞和比對工作，配(pei)合中國(guo)環境監測總站(zhan)開展例行質控檢查。

　　環(huan)境監測(ce)機構(gou)與(yu)運維(wei)機構(gou)建(jian)立、運行并持續改(gai)進內(nei)部(bu)質(zhi)量管理(li)體系，開展自(zi)動監測(ce)儀(yi)器的(de)(de)檢定(ding)、校準與(yu)量值溯源和(he)比對工作(zuo)，按照規定(ding)的(de)(de)頻次(ci)和(he)項目開展日常運維(wei)和(he)質(zhi)控活動。

　　實(shi)現(xian)監測事權上收后質(zhi)控管理各環節的(de)全(quan)方位覆蓋，形成(cheng)完整的(de)環境空氣自動監測質(zhi)控體系。

　　二是建立和完善溯源傳遞(di)和比對體系：針對(dui)環境(jing)空氣(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)六項(xiang)基(ji)本指標在(zai)溯(su)源(yuan)(yuan)傳(chuan)遞(di)(di)和(he)比(bi)對(dui)分析中存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)，分別構(gou)建(jian)相應的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)體(ti)(ti)系和(he)方(fang)法，并制定具(ju)體(ti)(ti)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施措(cuo)施。對(dui)顆(ke)粒(li)物：采(cai)取(qu)“四統(tong)(tong)一”的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式，由(you)(you)中國(guo)環境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)總(zong)站(zhan)(zhan)統(tong)(tong)一購(gou)置(zhi)采(cai)樣膜，統(tong)(tong)一編碼稱重分送各(ge)運維(wei)(wei)機(ji)構(gou)，統(tong)(tong)一組織開展(zhan)(zhan)手工(gong)比(bi)對(dui)，統(tong)(tong)一核算(suan)系統(tong)(tong)誤差，依(yi)據(ju)(ju)各(ge)地不(bu)(bu)同(tong)環境(jing)條件下測(ce)試(shi)出的(de)(de)(de)數據(ju)(ju)結(jie)果，制定客觀合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)顆(ke)粒(li)物監(jian)(jian)測(ce)數據(ju)(ju)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)考核目標，以(yi)有(you)效地解決由(you)(you)于我國(guo)地域(yu)(yu)范(fan)圍廣、氣(qi)(qi)候環境(jing)差異大，顆(ke)粒(li)物監(jian)(jian)測(ce)數據(ju)(ju)面(mian)臨的(de)(de)(de)可比(bi)性和(he)準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)性的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)。對(dui)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)：由(you)(you)于其具(ju)有(you)強氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化性，無(wu)法制備穩定的(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)(zhun)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)，臭(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)分析儀(yi)只能通過標準(zhun)(zhun)參考光度計(ji)(ji)(SRP)基(ji)準(zhun)(zhun)進行溯(su)源(yuan)(yuan)和(he)傳(chuan)遞(di)(di)這一特殊情況，為(wei)(wei)避免各(ge)地分別采(cai)購(gou)昂貴的(de)(de)(de)SRP基(ji)準(zhun)(zhun)造成(cheng)重復(fu)建(jian)設(she)和(he)資(zi)金浪(lang)費，以(yi)及溯(su)源(yuan)(yuan)過程(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)繁瑣耗時等(deng)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)，《空氣(qi)(qi)自(zi)動(dong)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)工(gong)作方(fang)案》通過建(jian)立環保系統(tong)(tong)國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)(ji)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)校準(zhun)(zhun)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室，各(ge)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)和(he)運維(wei)(wei)機(ji)構(gou)采(cai)取(qu)逐級(ji)(ji)或跨(kua)級(ji)(ji)傳(chuan)遞(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式，建(jian)立臭(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)值溯(su)源(yuan)(yuan)和(he)傳(chuan)遞(di)(di)體(ti)(ti)系，實(shi)(shi)(shi)現臭(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)自(zi)動(dong)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)數據(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)可溯(su)源(yuan)(yuan)性。規定國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)(ji)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)校準(zhun)(zhun)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室每兩年參加(jia)一次(ci)國(guo)際(ji)溯(su)源(yuan)(yuan)比(bi)對(dui)，每年向(xiang)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)質(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室開展(zhan)(zhan)一次(ci)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)值傳(chuan)遞(di)(di)。區(qu)域(yu)(yu)質(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室每季度向(xiang)國(guo)家(jia)網各(ge)運維(wei)(wei)機(ji)構(gou)開展(zhan)(zhan)一次(ci)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)值傳(chuan)遞(di)(di)。運維(wei)(wei)機(ji)構(gou)每季度向(xiang)國(guo)控(kong)環境(jing)空氣(qi)(qi)自(zi)動(dong)站(zhan)(zhan)開展(zhan)(zhan)一次(ci)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)值傳(chuan)遞(di)(di)。通過這樣嚴格的(de)(de)(de)溯(su)源(yuan)(yuan)和(he)量(liang)值傳(chuan)遞(di)(di)，達(da)到(dao)對(dui)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)(chou)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)數據(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)控(kong)制。對(dui)SO2等(deng)常(chang)規氣(qi)(qi)態(tai)污染物：目前市場上的(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)(zhun)樣品來源(yuan)(yuan)復(fu)雜，各(ge)種有(you)證標準(zhun)(zhun)樣品良(liang)莠(you)不(bu)(bu)齊，個(ge)別標準(zhun)(zhun)樣品的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)值偏差較(jiao)高。《空氣(qi)(qi)自(zi)動(dong)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)工(gong)作方(fang)案》要求由(you)(you)中國(guo)環境(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)總(zong)站(zhan)(zhan)統(tong)(tong)一采(cai)購(gou)SO2 NO2、CO等(deng)有(you)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)廠(chang)家(jia)生產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)高品質(zhi)(zhi)標準(zhun)(zhun)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)，分送至區(qu)域(yu)(yu)質(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室和(he)各(ge)運維(wei)(wei)機(ji)構(gou)，用于日(ri)常(chang)校準(zhun)(zhun)和(he)質(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)考核。另外，為(wei)(wei)保證流量(liang)計(ji)(ji)、溫度計(ji)(ji)和(he)壓力計(ji)(ji)等(deng)強檢設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)值準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)，應定期開展(zhan)(zhan)計(ji)(ji)量(liang)檢定。

　　三是(shi)強化各類監(jian)測儀器設備準(zhun)入門(men)檻：為滿足環境(jing)空氣自(zi)動(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測數據質量的(de)(de)(de)要求，《空氣自(zi)動(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)方案(an)》規(gui)定(ding)國控環境(jing)空氣自(zi)動(dong)站選用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)器(qi)設(she)(she)備必須選擇經(jing)專門機構適用(yong)(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)檢測合格的(de)(de)(de)產品，不(bu)合格的(de)(de)(de)一律不(bu)能(neng)(neng)進入(ru)環境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測領域。但(dan)由于(yu)受能(neng)(neng)力(li)條(tiao)件、經(jing)費和(he)人員等因(yin)素(su)的(de)(de)(de)限制，目前(qian)空氣自(zi)動(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測儀(yi)(yi)(yi)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)檢測僅側重(zhong)(zhong)于(yu)在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)前(qian)進行各種性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測試，尚未(wei)對在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)中的(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)器(qi)設(she)(she)備性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)進行跟蹤(zong)檢測和(he)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管，《空氣自(zi)動(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)方案(an)》要求加(jia)(jia)強監(jian)(jian)(jian)測儀(yi)(yi)(yi)器(qi)設(she)(she)備全過程監(jian)(jian)(jian)管，對在用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)器(qi)設(she)(she)備有(you)計劃地開展(zhan)抽檢和(he)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督檢查，并建(jian)立監(jian)(jian)(jian)測儀(yi)(yi)(yi)器(qi)設(she)(she)備退出機制。同(tong)時，要進一步加(jia)(jia)強顆粒物(wu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測儀(yi)(yi)(yi)器(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)要參數性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測試的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力(li)建(jian)設(she)(she)，開展(zhan)對顆粒物(wu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測儀(yi)(yi)(yi)器(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)要參數的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)評估工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。

　　四是建立完備的遠程(cheng)質控系統：隨著環境(jing)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)需要和公眾對環境(jing)空氣(qi)監測數(shu)(shu)據(ju)知情(qing)權意識的(de)(de)(de)日(ri)益提(ti)升，原有(you)的(de)(de)(de)監管(guan)模式無法適應目前精細化管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)需求，必須(xu)進一步采取各(ge)種技術手段強化監管(guan)力度，《空氣(qi)自動監測工作方(fang)案》提(ti)出借助高科技建立(li)全(quan)國聯網的(de)(de)(de)遠程質控系統(tong)，實(shi)現(xian)關鍵參(can)數(shu)(shu)直傳、變化留痕、異常報警、實(shi)時監督等功能，確(que)保(bao)監測數(shu)(shu)據(ju)的(de)(de)(de)客(ke)觀、真實(shi)。

　　第二方面是健全(quan)環境空(kong)氣自動監測方法(fa)標(biao)準(zhun)和規章(zhang)制度(du)。

　　一是進一步完善標準規范：針對環(huan)(huan)境(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)監(jian)測(ce)方法規范(fan)(fan)不健全的(de)問題，《空(kong)氣(qi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)監(jian)測(ce)工作(zuo)方案》明確要加快推動(dong)(dong)《環(huan)(huan)境(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)氣(qi)態污染物(wu)(SO2、NO2、O3、CO)連續(xu)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)監(jian)測(ce)系統運行與質(zhi)控技術(shu)規范(fan)(fan)》和(he)《環(huan)(huan)境(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)顆粒物(wu)(PM10 和(he) PM2.5)連續(xu)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)監(jian)測(ce)系統運行和(he)質(zhi)控技術(shu)規范(fan)(fan)》等(deng)7項技術(shu)規范(fan)(fan)制、修(xiu)訂進程(cheng)，以指(zhi)導(dao)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)監(jian)測(ce)的(de)運維和(he)質(zhi)量控制工作(zuo)。為配合(he)臭氧溯(su)源傳遞和(he)顆粒比(bi)對體系建設，相關配套的(de)監(jian)測(ce)方法規范(fan)(fan)也(ye)在(zai)加緊研究(jiu)制、修(xiu)訂。

　　二(er)是不斷建立健全規(gui)章制度：為確保(bao)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)事(shi)權上(shang)收后環境空氣(qi)自動站運行(xing)(xing)和管(guan)理(li)有(you)據(ju)可依、有(you)章(zhang)可循，我部(bu)將印發(fa)《國家環境空氣(qi)質(zhi)量監(jian)測(ce)(ce)網運行(xing)(xing)管(guan)理(li)實施細則》，明(ming)確環保(bao)部(bu)、中國環境監(jian)測(ce)(ce)總站、省級環保(bao)機構、運維機構等國家環境空氣(qi)質(zhi)量監(jian)測(ce)(ce)網運行(xing)(xing)管(guan)理(li)各方職責，進一步明(ming)確運行(xing)(xing)維護、數據(ju)采(cai)集與(yu)傳輸、儀器質(zhi)控與(yu)數據(ju)審(shen)核等各項工作要求，以及對(dui)違規運維行(xing)(xing)為的處罰措施。實施細則出臺后，將從制(zhi)度上(shang)規范和約(yue)束國家環境空氣(qi)質(zhi)量監(jian)測(ce)(ce)網的運行(xing)(xing)和管(guan)理(li)。

　　第三方面是(shi)加大監測質量管(guan)理(li)監督和(he)違(wei)規行(xing)為的懲處力度。

　　在(zai)新的環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)理模式下，要持續做好環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)質量管(guan)理工(gong)作(zuo)，保證監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據客觀真實，必須(xu)強化(hua)空(kong)氣(qi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)各(ge)環(huan)(huan)節監(jian)(jian)管(guan)并加大(da)對違規(gui)行為的懲處力(li)度，在(zai)《空(kong)氣(qi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)作(zuo)方案》中(zhong)(zhong)都有明(ming)確(que)規(gui)定和要求。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)總站建(jian)立日(ri)常監(jian)(jian)督(du)檢(jian)查(cha)機制，每年(nian)完成20%地級以上城市的國(guo)家網站點(dian)的現場檢(jian)查(cha)。環(huan)(huan)保部(bu)側重于(yu)建(jian)章立制，出臺(tai)社會運(yun)維(wei)機構監(jian)(jian)管(guan)辦(ban)法(fa)，開展環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)社會運(yun)維(wei)誠信(xin)體系(xi)建(jian)設，建(jian)立“黑名單”制度和市場退出機制，加強事中(zhong)(zhong)事后(hou)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)，對發現監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)行為不規(gui)范的，通報(bao)批評，對監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據造(zao)假行為，絕不姑息，依法(fa)追(zhui)責。

　　總之，《空(kong)氣(qi)自動(dong)監測(ce)(ce)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)方案(an)》的(de)出臺，將(jiang)進(jin)一步推動(dong)國(guo)家環境(jing)(jing)(jing)空(kong)氣(qi)自動(dong)監測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量管理(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)深入開展，有效保障監測(ce)(ce)數據的(de)客觀、真實、準確。隨(sui)著水環境(jing)(jing)(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量監測(ce)(ce)和土壤環境(jing)(jing)(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量監測(ce)(ce)事權(quan)上收，我(wo)部將(jiang)不(bu)斷完善環境(jing)(jing)(jing)監測(ce)(ce)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量管理(li)體系(xi)，促進(jin)我(wo)國(guo)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)監測(ce)(ce)事業(ye)的(de)健(jian)康(kang)發展。